Complete List of American National Forests

Human Trafficking And The Trafficking - 901 Words

Human Smuggling and trafficking continues to be a worldwide plague that has been, thus far been largely ignored by the international community. The paramount reason human trafficking and smuggling has festered and grown roots and spread globally. It started as a grassroots effort on the local level where women and girls (it affects boys as well) would be used and sold for sex. Eventually, greed and corruption tagged along for the ride and at that point the crimes became an organized enterprise. At that point the crimes grew exponentially and spread worldwide and infested every crevice and nook on earth, no matter how small and insignificant it may. A stellar example of this the systematic rape, torture and killing of women of Yazidi Christian women in Iraq and the other region of the Middle East. The ideology behind ISIS would be jihad and anti-Western propaganda, however, whether the motivation be money, drugs, or as in human smuggling, illegal immigration, the world at large must a nnihilate it. Human smuggling and human trafficking are two distinct crimes that, the further down the food chain each go, the lines do get murky and tend to melt together. Law enforcement from around the world have often thrown up their hands at the crimes because of the web of complexities involved. The law enforcement community at times have plum run out of resources and manpower to devote to the crimes. Human smuggling differs from human trafficking in as it requires payment, consent, as wellShow MoreRelatedThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking1061 Words   |  5 Pagesare approximately twenty to thirty million slaves in the world today. Unfortunately due to trafficking being a fast growing crime it is very difficult to identify and locate these organizations and victims. Although there are many groups created to support victims, not enough awareness is being made and not enough action is being applied to stop human trafficking. Sex trafficking is a form of human trafficking that has been a worldwide issue since ancient times, but regularly forgotten, due to it beingRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking886 Words   |  4 Pages(Attention catcher)What if somebody came into your life and guaranteed a better lifestyle, but instead you were enslaved into human trafficking? Human trafficking is when a person is abducted from their current situation and mostly likely used for sex slavery. Furthermore, did you know human trafficking increased over the years? (Listener relevance) Although you may not be as aware in your comfortable surroundings, you should always be aware of suspicious vehicles and people. Even though we enjoyRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking930 Words   |  4 Pagesman. Regardless of the reasons, there are nearly 30 million victims of human trafficking globally. There are more slaves now than ever before. Trafficking of persons is not a subject that should be ignored or tak en lightly. In order to fully understand the enormity of this crisis, we will examine the root causes, facts, and the impact of human trafficking throughout the world. There are several factors to why human trafficking exists: poverty, governmental instability, natural disasters, addictionRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking3494 Words   |  14 Pagesended, never to return, they go back and sneak into our communities in severe forms by human trafficking crimes. When humanity eliminated the phenomenon of human slavery, it returned in different pictures and forms, combining them enslaving people, through the recruitment, transportation, transfer of people by force and threat, and using and exploiting them in different ways. Among the victims of human trafficking crimes, there are those who are subjected to sexual exploitation, labor exploitationRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking1287 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Trafficking Human trafficking is the modernized version of slavery that involves force, fraud, and/or a type of labor in a sexual act. The United States government defines it to be â€Å"In which a sex act is forced in which the person induced has not yet been attained eighteen years of age† (National Institute of Justice). Human trafficking is a threat to all nations and promotes breakdown of families and can support organized crime. Trafficking can occur everywhere. Human trafficking and humanRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking Essay1752 Words   |  8 PagesIn this essay, the history of human trafficking will be examined, followed by who is affected by trafficking. Next the scope and types of exploitation will be discussed. Human trafficking is an issue that affects countries all over the world. Governments have made an effort to curb trafficking, however these efforts have been very narrowly focused. American ignorance has led to poor handling of the issues by policy maker s. Finally the essay will discuss a proposed solution and set some goals forRead MoreSex Trafficking And Human Trafficking Essay1243 Words   |  5 Pages Human trafficking brings in billions of dollars into the U.S and all around the world. â€Å"The prime motive for such outrageous abuse is simple: money. In this $12 billion global business just one woman trafficked into the industrialized world can net her captors an average $67,000 a year† (Baird 2007). The laws around human trafficking are not strict and vary depending on what country it is happening in. Human trafficking is not something that is strictly foreign, itRead MoreThe Trafficking And Forms Of Human Trafficking Essay1317 Words   |  6 Pages2.1.2 The concept of Human Trafficking and forms of Human Trafficking Human trafficking is a complex phenomenon hence difficult to conceptualize (Maclnnis, 2012). Scholars, nations and international organizations have individually or collectively tried to define human trafficking and, not surprisingly, they disagree with one another. United States (US) for instance does not consider organ trade as human trafficking whereas the United Nations (UN) and Canada do (United States Department of StateRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Sex Trafficking1264 Words   |  6 PagesA challenge that I took interest in is the horrifying problem that women and young girls face as victims of human trafficking and sex slavery. Women and young girls make up 98% of victims of trafficking for exploitation. Human trafficking and sex slavery is a form of modern slavery, in which traffickers profit from the control and exploitation of others. It is a multi-billion industry. Traffickers use control of others for the purpose of engaging in sexual activities and or forcing others to provideRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Human Sex Trafficking1850 Words   |  8 Pagesof human sex trafficking come to one s mind. The United States of America is not immune to this type of horrific behavior. America is the land of the free and yet something as awful as human sex trafficking occurs in our very own backyard each and everyday. According to the Department of Homeland Security the definition of human trafficking is â€Å"modern day slavery that involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act† (â€Å"What Is Human Trafficking?†)

Current Marketing Strategy - Healthcare Market - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2919 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Current Marketing Strategy Health, organized by two entrepreneurs who are expert in medicine supply market, is about to enter the mature health care market. Improve digest system, supplement nutrients are common need for personal, professional, and other people. Research shows that the United States has 262millions spirulina subscribers, and 70 percent of the populations consume spirulina. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Current Marketing Strategy Healthcare Market" essay for you Create order Our competitors, Elken is the spirulina leader, with 39 percent of the global market.The runner up is Dongtai City Spirulina Bio Engeering Co., Ltd, with 25percent of the global market.In the U.S. market, Dongtai City Spirulina Bio Engeering Co. Ltd. is the market leader. In order to gain market share in this marketing environment, we must fully concentrate to target specific market segments with features that can deliver benefits valued to each consumers. Market Description Healthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s market consists of consumer and business user who have strong awareness of health for health caring or living with the high standard life. Specific market segments being targeted during the launching phase which is include professional, organization, students, businessman, and medical users. Table below show how the Health addressed the needs of targeted consumer and business segments. Consumers can select a suitable product among models based on several different health ca re product, including species from Elken, DongTai City, King Dnarmsa and other variation. Health licenses an organic species because it bring more benefits to human body and enhance our immune system. Tablet and powder are popular spirulina options. Health is equipping organic, providing more nutrients, and more convenient to digest. This will allowed users to absorb nutrients at the simple way just from eating tablet of spirulina. Researching technology of spirulina costs are increasing as the capabilities of spirulina are increasing too, and it makes value-priced product more attract to consumers and business users with traditional way to gain all of the nutrients that body need. Target Segment Customer Need Corresponding Features/benefits Proffesionals (consumer market) Reduce the risk of various cancer Supplement 48 nutrients Strengthen immune sysrem Provide B-carotene, the nutrient that people really need to keep blood circulation successfully Easy to capture 48 nutrients compare to eat more than 40 types of vegetables Students (consumer market) Strengthen immune system Improve digest system Provide B-carotene, let them always have good anti system and good spiritual to participate activity More easy to absorb the food nutrients Present health all of the period Female or Ladies (consumer market) Beauty and weight-loss Rich nutrients enhance skin in brightness status Cell of spirulina help digest system process well Corporate users (business market) Improve body constitution Brain supplement Eye-sighting 48 nutrients are very useful to avoid easy to get disease Improve the ability of sighting and prevent eye painful after using computer Supplement your brain with rich nutrients to make them more intelligent Medical users (business market) Reduce the risk of various cancer Strengthen immune system Improve digest system Provide patients have strong immune system and their disease will get cured soon Easily to absorb any nutrients that are eaten Strong anti-system decline various cancer Product review Our main product, the Health Spirulina, it offers benefited features with organic species: Have total assurance of quality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" all sic major processes are certified and recognized. Develop the spirulina to consist of forty eight nutrients that body really need, however body canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t manufacture those nutrients. Harvested Health spirulina undergo a high-tech-spray-dry process. Health Spirulinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s powder form are pressed into tablet form. Health Spirulina tablets are inserted into food-grade plastic containers before distribution. It contains high amount of carotenoids like beta carotene and yellow xanthophyll which consist of antioxidant properties. It also contains chlorophyll, fatty, nucleic acids, lipids, iron, magnesium and trace minerals and is easier to absorb than iron supplements It also an anti-aging food, which is concentrated nutrient value, and can be easily digested, it also loaded with antioxidants. Proves eating beta carotene rich vegetables and fruits given us cancer prevention. Achieved CERES organic certified, GMP food certification, Golden Award by Taiwan health Food Society, Certified Halal by Malaysia Islamic Development Apartment, Approved by Drug Control Authority, and Certified JHFA by Japan Health Food Association. First-years sales revenues are forecasted to be $75million. In the second year, we plan to introduce a new product Health Spirulina A, also with organic species, as a higher nutrients spirulina offering the following standard features: Contains 52 nutrients which are innovate from our strong RB team. More suitable for the people who allergy to iodine. More convenient and creative packaging. Competitive Review The appearance of organic spirulina, including the Elken Spirulina, has increased competitive pressure. The Competition in specialize health care product for nutrients supplement, such as Taiwan Chlorella Manufacturing Company, King Dnarmsa Spirulina International Inc, Dongtai City Spirulina Bio Engeering Co. Ltd., Green Health Ltd, Ningbo Green-Health Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, is major factor. Key competitors include the following: Taiwan Chlorella Manufacturing Company (TCMC) was established in 1964. TCMC is the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s largest and oldest Chlorella producer. The Chlorella is not so easy to be digested or absorbed even it contain higher nutrients than spirulina. It sell a bottle of chlorella (600 tablet) with $158. Ningbo Green-Health Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd is a leading Manufacturer of food and drugs with CGMP and American NSF Certificates. They have great advantage in developing, manufacturing and marketing of Herb medicines, Botanic Extracts, Bulk Drugs of Pharmaceutical Chemicals, Preparations and Nutritional Supplements. The Company spend a lot of funds in research and the company try to innovate their product. However, the innovation less function. The company still produce spirulina with the old technology machine and it involve the spirulina is not too pure. Spirulina has stayed in the market for long moment.it sell a bottle of spirulina (500 tablet) with $165. Elken Sdn Bhd as one of the leading selling companies in Malaysia, Elken has become a sterling example of a home grown success. It has also established a stronghold in six countries in the Asia Pacific region, namely Hong Kong, India, Thailand, Indonesia, Brunei and Singapore. The company achieve many international award. The company really emphasize on the quality of the spirulina. Therefore, they harvest the spirulina from their own cultivation pool, and it ensure quality and pure of the spirulina.It sell a bottle of spirulina(500 tablet) with $168. Competitor Features Price Taiwan Chlorella Manufacturing Company Chlorella is not so easy to be digested or absorbed, it contain higher nutrients than spirulina, 600 tablet a bottle $158. Ningbo Green-Health Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd spirulina is not too pure, produce spirulina with the old technology machine, 500 tablet a bottle. $165 Elken Sdn Bhd Achieve many international award, good quality of the spirulina, spirulina from their own cultivation pool, 500 tablet a bottle. $168 Competitors Strengths Weaknesses Taiwan Chlorella Manufacturing Company Taiwan Chlorella Manufacturing Company is known as the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s largest and oldest Chlorella producer. Their production techniques are updated and maintained. They have two big factories in Chung Li and Lung Chun. They have achieve an annual output capacity of 180 metric tons Chlorella in the past has been its limited digestibility A patented process for breaking down the cell wall has increased digestibility to 80 percent. Ningbo Green-Health Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd Advantages in Developing, manufacturing and marketing Has stayed in the market for long moment Main products is spirulina, it has many product about spirulina like powder, pills, food of spirulina. The innovation less function. The company still produce spirulina with the old technology machine the spirulina is not too pure Elken Sdn Bhd It has a strong distributor It has a wide area of business in Asia-Pacific. Their employees are cooperative and well disciplined There might be risks of skin rashes, muscle weakness, swelling. It can be high in fat and dietary cholesterol. Some people have trouble digesting lactose, which are the natural sugar found in the products Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threat Analysis Health acquired several strengths on which to build, but our fatal weakness is lack of brand recognition. Not only that, we have our major opportunity is the damand for health care product that deliver value benefits. We also face the threat of competition from consumer drug manufacturer such as pricing pressure. Below show summarizes Healthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats. Strengths Spirulina can build on three important strengths: 1. Pure cultivation. Pure environment really play important roles in super food. Due to that, pure cultivation can ensure the best quality of the spirulina, and make sure consumer are really safe to eat the nutrients super food. 2. Strong R D team. Keep improve or innovate or product always better than the previous product. We will higher the nutrients value and decrease the allergy problem to whom allergic to iodine. Weakness By waiting to ent er the spirulina market as a newcomer, Health has learned anything from others competitors. Nonetheless, we still have several weaknesses. 1. Lack of brand recognition. Health was a new company that does not have image, however other competitor already is old company and have strong brand recognition. We will handle this problem, we must keep aggressive promotion so that, the customer will only remember our company. 2. Drug sensitive. People who are allergic or sensitive to iodine should avoid taking the supplement. Besides that, seaweed or seafood may also want to avoid taking spirulina. Opportunities Health have the following advantage opportunities: Cost-efficient improve. Good improve is available at a lower cost than before. Thus, Health can use advanced features at a value-added price to get a reasonable profits. Increasing demand for health care product or super food. The market for health care product are increasing rapidly as the world development growing fast. People are too concentrate on their work and they might omit their health. We produce spirulina to enhance awareness of their health capabilities to more emphasize on health. Threats We are facing two threats with the beginning phase of the Spirulina. 1. Increasing competition. 2. The pressure of pricing. Strengths Weakness Pure cultivation to cultivate high qualities and good species of spirulina. Strong R D team to improve our species Value pricing Lack of brand awareness cause our product are not known by public Drug sensitive especially some of the patients who allergic to iodine Opportunities Threats Cost-efficient improve Increasing demand for health care product or super food Increased competition Downward pressure on pricing Objectives We have created various objectives for early stage of market entry. Our first objectives is during the Health Spirulina first year on the market, we are aiming volume of 300,000 bottle for unit sales. Our Second objectives is in the next year, we are able to sell a combined total of one million units of our two product. Issue During the product launching phase, our major issue is to build up a well-known brand name. We will put many efforts in marketing to make sure that we can make a creative, memorable and distinctive brand image. Furthermore, we will keep collecting marketing data so we can manage our marketing strategy as soon as possible. Marketing strategy Healthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s marketing strategy is depends on product differentiation with a powerful positioning. We set our primary market target is middle to upper income experts who need rich nutrients tablet to bring improvement their health status and convenient to guarantee them strong in spirit. After that, our secondary school consumer target is students who want a universal method to ensure their well-done performance in school or else. These segment can be categorize demographically by age (13-25). Our primary business target is mid to large-sized organization that want to help their workers to gain superior welfare and to ensure them always in good mood to fight or work for company. This segments including companies with more than $25millions in annual revenue and more than 50 employees. Not only that, we are also aiming other business target such as entrepreneurs and small business owners as well as medical users this especially suitable for who want to keep their body health from spending too much time on calculating the nutrients that still lack of. Product Strategy The Health Spirulina, will be sold with shown certificate of world safety food approval. We will introduce a more highly nutrients and innovative new species of spirulina-advance (Health spirulina A) in the next few years. Creating the Health brand is a part of our product strategy. In order to let consume recognize our brand, the product will be displayed with brand name and the logo and its packaging and with our introductory marketing campaign, the product can be reinforced by its prominence. Our product is belonging to co nsumer product which are the product is originally for personal consumption. Our product under convenience product that are daily usage and the customer usually buys frequently. We also have created creative and safety packing than our competitor. Test marketing is one of our product strategy too. Thus, we will spread out our testimony product to the market and let them have a try whether it are well acceptable by them or not. Our company is the new company so there are a lot of preparation we need to consider. As we are in introduction part, we need to hire a great amount of people or worker. Besides that, we need to do a research whether our product are really super safe to the public. Other than that, we also need to spend a lot of fund to buy the machine and innovate the product. Pricing strategy Health Spirulina will be launched at $210 wholesale /$239 retail price per unit. We are expected to make a lower the price of the initial product when we expand the product line b y launching the Health Spirulina A, wholesale price will be 225 per unit. According to major pricing strategies, cost-based pricing are more suitable to Health Spirulina. We will setting the prices according on the cost for every process that the product went through and plus a fair rate of return for return and risk. We might adds a mark-up to the cost of the product and it eventually will make a great deal of profits to our company. One of the cost is fixed cost which is include high rate interest from bank, executive salaries to workers. Variable cost include safety uses packaging and also the spirulina cultivation fee. In addition, we are selecting market-penetration as our pricing strategies. Due to the market-pricing strategies, we set a low price for three months as we want to penetrate the market as soon as possible and then attract deeply to a large number of buyers. Thus, most of the consumer can try our product, and they might continue to select our product if they are sa tisfying to our good quality product. If we didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t set a low initial price, then just less people will try our product, so the sales of our product are not so good. It means we create the value to the customer, however, we are not capturing the value from them. We are planned to raise up the price after three months in order to help the company make huge markup in the future. Promotion Strategy Business firm always use advertisement to promote their product, so do to Health Sdn Bhd. We will create an attracting advertisement of spirulina and express the function that provided in spirulina. The advertisement have divided into two types, one is paper form which use to distribute to public and the other is video form which are used to play in television. Our company will also spread our product advertisement by the roadside, then most of the pedestrian can see and know about us. We will try to create creative TV and radio advertisement in order to make our produc t be well known or popular. Advertisement will show the super value of the spirulina and how it maintain people health in current busy world. In addition, Health Sdn Bhd will also organize a superior promotion for public to know this best product ever in the world. We will sell spirulina with 30%discount to the public at the first 3 month to let public more understanding on this product. Due to this, more public will know about our product as our promotion ongoing. They will be more confident to purchase our product compare to our competitor product it is just because our product really are the best product and have achieved many international certificate. In addition, we can be a sponsor and donate some funds to some non-profit organizer (school, orphanage) as charity. Then the society will know more about us. We are not only focus on our business, but also concern to the society. Undeniably, it is our product honour and it is the proof to show to public our product is safe to eat. Place Strategy Our strategy is selective placing, marketing Health Spirulina through popular pharmacy and online retailer. During the beginning phase, we will add distrbutor partners until we have coverage in all major market. In support of our distributor partners, they will be given demonstration products and detail specification hand-out by Health. Then, we will manage some special payments terms for retailers that place volume order. We also have provided the best delivery service to each consumer who have purchased more than 2000 tablet. Otherwise, we will charge much fees on the delivery product. In addition, we will distribute our product to retailer. Then, they will help to gather and distribute information. Besides that, they may also help us to promote our product when our new product new to the market. However, our delivery service is in good standard and ensure the product get destroyed or else. 1

Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock Representation of Modern Man

THE LOVE SONG OF J.ALFRED PRUFROC Often called the first Modernist poem, â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† was published in the prestigious American journal Poetry in June 1915. About the Poem: The poem centers on the feelings and thoughts of the eponymous speaker (the somewhat neurotic Prufrock) as he walks through the streets of London route to meet a woman for tea. He is considering a question (perhaps, broadly, the meaning of life, or, more narrowly, a proposal of marriage). Far more than just the â€Å"love song† of a romantic, agonized young man, the poem explores the Modernist alienation of the individual in society. Thomas Stearns Eliot, 1888 – 1965 Born into a prosperous Midwestern family, Eliot attended Harvard and then went†¦show more content†¦Although the audience is never clearly identified, several assumptions can be made. It seems as though Prufrock is simply reflecting on life to himself. He makes several statements that would allow a reader to arrive at this conclusion. Throughout the poem, he asks several rhetorical questions of himself. In line 62, he asks and how should I presume?. He asks himself the same question again in line 68 and then follows with another and how should I begin?. These questions lead the reader to believe that the poem represents Prufrocks inner-thoughts about life. This is important to consider because if the audience was anyone but Prufrock himself, the poem would more than likely take a very different course. Once you get past the initial misconceptions about the poem due to its misleading title, you can easily see that this is a poem about what happens if you do not make the most of your life. Prufrock is a character that we all can learn something from. Through an interpretation of this poem, one can assume that even though a persons life may seem to be normal and in fact successful, sometimes that person may have a totally different view of their own life. From the poem we can conclude that Prufrocks life was like many others during the time it was written. It talks of parties, drinking, and lovely ladies. This did not, however, bring his happiness. As he aged, Prufrock was left very disenchanted with his life. In the end, he discusses howShow MoreRelatedThe Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay1362 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock launched T.S. Eliot’s status as the influential poet of the twentieth century. The poem narrates the self-analysis of a man, Prufrock, who exposes the void and soulless quality of the modern world through his experiences. The morbid outlook of his life stems from his inability to find meaning in his existence. He is entrapped in a constant cycle of overwhelmingly negative emotions -- anxiety, hopelessness, and despair -- haunted by his fears and regrets. Prufrock’sRead MoreThe Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock: A Good Example of Modernism1066 Words   |  5 Pages Modernism is a period which is both progressive and optimistic.The Modern period starts with the Renaissance for historians.It’s stem ‘’Modern’’, comes from the Latin which means ‘’current’’.It is a cultural movement which involves changes in art,architecture,music and literature: ‘’†¦ the vast majority of attempts to offer alternative modes of representation in literature,music,painting,film and architecturefrom the middle of the 19th century to the middle of 20th century have been termed modernist’’(ChildsRead MoreThe Lovesong Of J. Alfred Prufrock Critical Analysis1643 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å" The Lovesong of J. Alfred Prufrock† by T.S. Eliot’s persona is a middle-aged male who has an unpromising physical environment and will. Much of the poem consists of Prufrock contemplating whether to go forth with a daring act, but to the reader’s dismay this daring act he speaks of is talking to a woman who he seems to have feelings for. Eliot began to write The Lovesong of J. Alfred Prufrock in 1909, and ending at the peak of his first published book, Prufrock and Other Observations, publishedRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagescourse, inevitably involve people, and fo r this reason it is virtually impossible to discuss plot in isolation from character. Character and plot are, in fact, intimately and reciprocally related, especially in modern fiction. A major function of plot can be said to be the representation of characters in action, though as we will see the action involved can be internal and psychological as well as external and physical. In order for a plot to begin, some kind of catalyst is necessary. An existing

Five External Elements In Organisational Environments Commerce Essay Free Essays

Customers plays indispensable portion in every concern. Pull offing the client experience has become a serious organizational purpose. It ‘s a agency to protect and develop trade name trueness and therefore that person ‘s economic and advocacy value to the administration. We will write a custom essay sample on Five External Elements In Organisational Environments Commerce Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Body store is a good established administration around the universe, which produces pure natural cosmetics for everyone. Because of high monetary values merely few clients can buy their merchandises, remainder prefer other trade names, which are available in low monetary values than Body store. That will impact the company by lower net incomes. Rivals: Rivals are administrations that produce goods and services that are similar to a peculiar administration ‘s goods and services. Presents, cosmetics are indispensable portion of the life, many rivals are entered into the market by presenting their merchandises with low monetary values to vie with others. Then, everyone could prefer those merchandises, which are available in market with low monetary value and same natural merchandises. That can be show difference in gross revenues of trade name of L’oreal. Economic forces: Economic factors have a enormous impact on concern houses. The general province of the economic system, involvement rate, phase of the economic rhythm, balance of payments, are cardinal variables in corporate investing, employment, and pricing determinations. The impact of growing or diminution in gross national merchandise and increases or decreases in involvement rates, rising prices are considered as premier illustrations of important impact on concern operations. To asses the local state of affairs, an organisation might seek information refering the economic base and hereafter of the part and the effects of this mentality on pay rates, disposable income, unemployment, and the transit and commercial base. The province of universe economic system is most critical for organisations runing in such countries. For illustration, during recession clip, adult female do n’t travel to purchase expensive merchandises, so, prefer to purchase low monetary values merchandises. Technological Forces: Technological forces influence organisations in several ways. A technological invention can hold a sudden and dramatic consequence on the environment of a house. First, technological developments can significantly change the demand for an organisation ‘s or industry ‘s merchandises or services. Changing engineering can offer major chances for bettering end accomplishments or endanger the being of the house. Technological prediction can assist protect and better the profitableness of houses in turning industries. Social forces: Social forces include traditions, values, social tendencies, consumer psychological science, and a society ‘s outlooks of concern. Determining the exact impact of societal forces on an organisation is hard at best. However, measuring the altering values, attitudes, and demographic features of an organisation ‘s clients is an indispensable component in set uping organisational aims. ( B ) Briefly explain in item one unpredictable dynamic external factor which adversely impacted in L’Oreal gross revenues of organic structure store trade name merchandises in 2008 One of the major unpredictable dynamic external factor is recession. Recession is a lessening in the economic system of the state. Peoples stop purchasing cosmetics. That decreases the gross revenues and hard currency spending of Body store. Womans are regular clients for cosmetics, adult female do n’t travel to purchase expensive merchandises, so, prefer to purchase low monetary value merchandises. That adversely decreased the gross revenues of organic structure store in 2008. ( C ) Briefly explain the difference between a dynamic V stable component in the organizational environment impacting on L’Oreal. Give an illustration of each type of component. Dynamic elements: Suppliers Customers: Customers are really of import for any concern. L’Oreal cusmotics are rather expensive than other trade names, merely affluent people prefer L’Oreal trade names. Because of those cusmotics are made by nature elements, so they ne’er go back to pass money, whatever it is low monetary value or high monetary value. Rivals: Example of L’oreal rivals are Revlon, Shiseido Economic forces Technological forces Demographic forces Political forces Stable elements: Distributors Barriers to entry Social cultural factors 2. ( a ) Briefly explain what company civilization is, it ‘s major dimensions and how a company can promote a positive civilization. Every workplace has a civilization Basically, organisational civilization is the personality of the organisation. Culture is comprised of the premises, values, norms and touchable marks of organisation members and their behavior. the corporate civilization is the operating work environment that is set and shaped by the executive: The manner people dress The manner people conduct their work The manner people interact with public. Company cultures develop and they change over clip. As employee leave the company and replacings are hired the company civilization will alter. If it is a strong civilization, it may non alter much. However, since each new employee brings their ain values and patterns to the group the civilization will alter, at least a small. As the company matures from a start up to a more constituted company, the company civilization will alter. As the environment in which the company operates alterations, the company civilization will besides alter. The company civilization will alter and it is of import to be cognizant of the alterations. Major dimensions of company civilization is Invention and hazard pickings Attention to detail Results orientation Peoples orientation Team orientation Aggressiveness Stability Those features can do company civilization strong. By offering publicities, fillips and increasing rewards can actuate employers into positive civilization. That will assist company turn strongly and maintain civilization alive. ( B ) Brief explain what a learning company civilization is, and how company can make a learning civilization. An organisation ‘s â€Å" learning civilization † as its ability and willingness to encompass single and organisational acquisition as a strategic portion of its concern scheme. Learning company civilization describes company policies, environment, codification of frock, company profile. If we want to be successful at a company, and bask where we work, we need to accommodate to the company ‘s civilization. Companies look for the people for occupation who know and esteem the company ‘s civilization wage attending to expected norms of behavior physique and maintain positive working relationships with supervisors, colleagues and clients value constructive unfavorable judgment as a agency to better and enhance personal public presentation show involvement in the company keep a positive attitude company can make learning administration by following features: Personal command Mental theoretical accounts Team acquisition Construct a shared vision Systems believing Personal command: company allow directors to authorise employees and let them make and research something different to larn company civilization in order to develop company. Mental theoretical accounts: this theoretical account can make employee to make task better without find harder. Team acquisition: This method is more of import than single acquisition. All the determinations are largely made by squad. Team acquisition can better employee believing power by larning new thoughts. Systems thought: This is a conceptual model that allows people to analyze concerns as delimited objects. Learning organisations use this method of believing when measuring their company and have information systems that measure the public presentation of the organisation as a whole and of its assorted constituents. Construct a shared vision: This is really of import in actuating the staff to larn, that provides concentration energy for larning. Individual vision of employees are most of import in administration. The shared vision is frequently to win against a rival. How to cite Five External Elements In Organisational Environments Commerce Essay, Essay examples

Donna Dubinsky free essay sample

Why was Donna so successful during her first 4 years at Apple before the JIT dispute? Dubinsky’s advanced because: (1) her division delivers results, (2) her individual performance is strong, (3) Apple’s environment permits rapid advancement, and (4) her boss helps her. 1. Sales delivered strong results, and Dubinsky was a recognized positive contributor to it. Dubinsky’s group performed well on key metrics including dealer satisfaction,supporting new product launches without delay, and scaling up operations as the Company grew.Her group had no complaints from other Apple divisions about costs, or from dealer customers about inventory availability,demonstrating strong logistics performance. She was playing for a winning team. 2. Dubinsky performed well; her superiors describe her in positive terms focusing on her ability to deliver results. Campbell states that she is gifted with a practical intelligence that can translate vague directives from products and marketing into executable distribution strategies.Everyone in the case compliments her commanding presence, which she uses to convince others she has the authority to act despite lack of formal authority, to get the job done. She maintains good relationships with the dealers and understands their needs a core part of her job that also matches Apple’s first value of Customer Empathy. She was an individual star on a winning team. 3. Apple’s environment enabled her to shine. It was a young company light on formality that underwent frequent reorganizations.Apple could not execute just by pushing â€Å"go† on set processes; instead, it relied on talented professionals like Dubinsky to use initiative to make things work on the fly. Apple’s fast growth, loose organization, and corporate cultureallowed Dubinsky to make decisions â€Å"above her pay grade† and thus demonstrate ability to perform at ever higher levels of responsibility. Apple’s massive growth from 1981 to 1985 (operating revenue increased fivefold) meant that its stars organically accrued major increases in business responsibility; example: Distribution increased deliveries 60% in 1984.She fills the right role on her winning team, at a time when the rising tide was lifting all boats. 4. Dubinsky has a good boss, at least for when times are good. Weaver’s management style of continuous engagement through rewards and challenges strongly matched Dubinsky’s subordinate style. Weaver generously grants Dubinsky chances to achieve visibility to upper-management, rather than hogging or stealing all the credit for the group’s success. Weaver created a safe place for Dubinsky where she felt comfortable taking risks to grow; she considers him a mentor, more like a teacher than a supervisor.In sum, Dubinsky is a top-performing star in a corporate division that delivers strong results, in firm that values individual initiative more than hierarchy and has values that match Dubinsky’s performance, with a boss that actively pushes her advancement. II. In your opinion, did she make any mistakes during that same period (pre-JIT)? Dubinsky made three key mistakes in the period of 1981 to 1984. 1. Declining the position offered by Steve Jobs mayhave been a mistake – the case does not state adequate information to judge.At minimum, she forewent an opportunity to increase her visibility, title and importance. She stayed in an â€Å"overhead† type group, despite recognizing that most of Apple’s focus was on product development and launches, i. e. the two product groups. She alsoimplied that she preferred to be managed by Weaver rather than Jobs, which may have colored Jobs’ later behavior towards her in the JIT dispute. Dubinsky may have known that Jobs was dictatorial, treated his subordinates unfairly, or was about to be fired, in which case she was wise to stay safely with Weaver.She may also have so loved her customer service job that she would not have left for any lateral offer (her interview process presents some evidence of this), in which case she was willing to sacrifice rapid advancement and visibility for a more enjoyable role. But, it is also possible that Dubinsky relied too much on Weaver and was afraid of change, became complacent, and missed a chance to work in a â€Å"sexy† group, advance, and build relationships with other powerful allies. 2. Surprisingly for a Harvard MBA, Dubinsky was cavalier about gathering data to prove she was performing strongly.She believed lack of dealer complaints wasipso facto proof of strong execution. She could not prove that her Distribution system presented fewer dealer complaints than Commodore’s, or had a faster delivery schedule th an IBM’s, or was cheaper and more efficient than Tandy’s. When Jobs later challenged her results, she lacked routine benchmarking to rebut his criticisms. Dubinsky left herself vulnerable to a hypothesis that her measure of success – lack of dealer complaints – was not actually a success, but instead evidence that Apple was bearing too much of the inventory carrying expense in the supplier-dealer relationship.If Dubinsky had gathered comparative data in the ordinary course to measure her performance, she could have forcefully defended herself against Jobs’ JIT attack. 3. Dubinsky demonstrated some lack of initiative. She thought the problem in Apple’s supply chain was inaccurate demand forecasting by the manufacturing groups, but she seems to have made no effort to address that problem. Thus, her warehouses had three years of gluts and troughs, which directly led to Jobs’ JIT argument. This failure contradicts Apple’s value of â€Å"Team Spirit†, which â€Å"encouraged [employees] to interact with all levels of management, sharing ideas and suggestions to improve Apple’s effectiveness and quality of life. † III. Hypothesize why Dubinsky reacted this way to Jobs’ and Coleman’s JIT proposal. 1. Dubinsky thought the JIT proposal would destroy the Company. Her reaction presents mistakes and flaws, but at core there isa substantive business judgment. This is valuable in that Dubinsky notices many flaws and unintended consequences implemented in the proposal. . Professor Jick’s article â€Å"Note on the Recipients of Change† allows us to speculate that a substantial part of Dubinsky’s identity is tied up in her work, and that this change therefore threatens her self-identity. Dubinsky has no outside obligations that would prevent her from quitting; in Jick’s phrasing, she lacks diversified emotional investing. Work is all she has, and it is being taken away. All the ways she measures herself as professionally successful – quality dealer relationships, lack of complaints, etc. ave been questioned or discarded in the JIT process, and her place in the proposed JIT world is undefined and uncertain. She feels like she is unsafe, losing control of her destiny, and powerless. We can further hypothesize that Coleman’s presence exacerbates the situation because she has credentials similar to Dubinsky’s and is vigorously intruding into her space. 3. Dubinsky went through the change process relatively slowly, suggesting a comparative lack of capacity for change. Her earlier refusal Jobs’ employment offer also suggests that she is more than typically resistant to change.The first 7 months of the JIT dispute show Dubinsky in shock (using Jick’s terminology), by denying the change could possibly occur, becoming demotivated and ineffective, missing deadlines, and the like. She finally reaches the â€Å"anger† phase at the Leadership Retreat when she lashes out at Scully and subsequently gives an ultimatum to Campbell. This indicates she still has a way to go till â€Å"adaptation and acceptance. † 4. Dubinsky is averse to proving her arguments through cross-examination, i. e. she dislikes salesmanship. She has a commanding presence, holds tenaciously to her positions, and operates by fiat.We may presume she has the faults of her qualities; she likes to get things done because of who she is rather than by the substance of what she says. This trait becomes particularly glaring in the context of resisting skilled salespeople Jobs and Coleman. Dubinsky disdains Coleman’s sales skills (i. e. at the Leadership Retreat) because she likes to think experience is more important, despite months of contrary evidence in this dispute. 5. Dubinsky incorrectly framed the JIT dispute as being between her and Coleman, when it was actually between her and Jobs.Framing the contest thus was probably more comfortable for her because fighting the Company’s founder was frightening, but it caused her to reach an incorrect conclusion: that her experience would trump Coleman, when it was really Jobs advancing the JIT proposal. 6. We may rationally hypothesize that Dubinsky does not know how to react to her own setbacks and failures, because her career to date has been an unmitigated success. When outmaneuvered by Jobs and Coleman, Dubinsky was not flexible enough to quickly pick herself up off the mat and fight back.Instead, she is left paralyzed by depression and stuck in the same mindset that led to her initial defeat. IV. What do you think would have been a better way for all to handle the situation? Dubinsky bears the greatest fault for this situation, and should have done the following: 1. Taken Jobs’ proposal extremely seriously from the start. The Chairman and founder of the Companywarranted more than a brushoff or assumption that he would just go away in deference to Dubinsky’s reputation. Dubinsky’s reaction of denial and disbelief was counterfactual and presented substantial breathing space for the JIT proposal. . Affirmatively make her case using comparative data. Dubinsky should have already had this data, but since she did not, she should have immediately gotten it. The fact that the JIT proposal did not originate with Dubinsky though she was the distribution manager and competitors like IBM were doing it, is telling. Dubinsky needs data to rationally and carefully examine both the current model and the JIT model to prove which is best. 3. Engage Coleman. The case statesno instance where Dubinsky speaks to Coleman before the task force.Since we have hypothesized that the JIT proposal paralyzed Dubinsky with shock at the magnitude of the change, this reaction is understandable (ignore her and she will fail). However, it reflects underestimating both of the seriousness of Jobs’ criticism and of Coleman’s abilities. Dubinsky’s failure to engage Coleman creates the impression that the JIT proposal is fait accompli, because Coleman is already examining Distribution questions as if Dubinsky’s brief has been transferred to Macintosh, which is what the JIT proposal would do. . Acted to gain allies. Dubinsky should have properly framed the JIT proposal as a contest against Jobs in which she would need to convince allies to support her position. She should not have alienated potential allies by acting churlish in the task force and then reversing herself, by embarrassing Scully at the Leadership Retreat, and embarrassing Campbell by giving him slapdash, unimpressive work to present at the Executive Retreat.Allies were clearly available because the Company was divided into Jobs and anti-Jobs factions, and Jobs was also creating tension and making enemies by criticizing other executives (such as Weaver) and intruding into other people’s jobs (Scully). Jobs:Jobs recruited Scully specifically to organize the Company, but simultaneously undermined him. Putting distribution back under each product group (instead of combined for all products) would undo the corporate structure Scully established when he was hired. The JIT proposal and concomitant pressure clearly shows Jobs dimi nishing Scully.This is a mistake. Jobs should allow Scully to do his job and rationally consider the evidence for the JIT proposal. Diminishing Scully makes the JIT proposal a political football (as at the Executive Retreat). Jobs wants to act on his ideas quickly without prolonged analysis, i. e. he seems to long for â€Å"the good old days† of Apple described in the lease example on page 6. Jobs does not accept that Apple is too big to just do things immediately because he wants too, that Jobs is not the best at all elements of Apple’s business, and that other views in the Company matter now.This is a mistake. If the JIT proposal actually was right, there was no harm in presenting it through the proper channels, rather than attempting to circumvent all the people who might have relevant experience and opinions. If Jobs wanted the JIT proposal so badly, then he should have sold it to Campbell, Weaver, and Dubinsky, rather than trying to eliminate them as obstacles. Jobs also should not have blindsided Weaver and Dubinsky with public criticism; this antagonized the Sales division and created unnecessary enemies for Jobs. It lso paints Jobs as being only interested in the success of Macintosh, and unfairly shifting blame onto other groups to protect his own fief. Coleman: Coleman should have been trying to find the best answer on the JIT proposal rather than just to prove a preconceived conclusion; she is a manager and not a lawyer for the prosecution. Campbell’s group had all the relevant information; Coleman’s failure to engage them ensured that the JIT proposal presented a n incomplete analysis, as evidenced by the many mistakes and contradictions identified by Dubinsky.She could have accomplished her objectives more effectively by engaging Campbell’s group and disarming their objections. Coleman also over-relied on salesmanship to win the proposal argument, as evidenced by her behavior at the Leadership Retreat, at the expense of evidence. She should have focused more energy on making her proposal flawless. Scully: Scully should have structured the Company rationally; his organization was a compromise that pleased no one. Apple II thought it was undervalued. Macintosh disdained the rest of the Company and its values, creating a dysfunctional jousting for position and resources.Separating forecasting from distributionensured that the Sales division lackedauthority over inventory control but was answerable for it anyway. Scully’s organization modelcreated multiple companies that disliked each other, rather than one Apple pushing to a common goal. Scully should have acted forcefully to assert his organizational structure and independence from Jobs. Scully empowered Jobs to push the JIT idea by showing early interest and allowing him to run with it without involving Campbell’s group, even though Scully had personally recruited Campbell and should have shown confidence in him.Scully heard Coleman’s presentation without involving Campbell, acquiescing to Jobs disdain for the Company’s middle managers and for Scully’s organizational structure. This created resentment in Campbell’s group that ultimately exploded in the Leadership Retreat and Dubinsky’s ultimatum. Scully permitting Jobs to behave this way diminished Scully in the eyes of the other executives – they believed that Jobs was running the Company and Scully wastoo weak to oppose him. Scully should not have given Dubinsky an extension to make her proposal in December 1985 and then heard Coleman’s proposal – he seems to have unfairly â€Å"sandbagged† Dubinsky.Campbell: Campbell underestimated the danger that Jobs’ proposal represents. He never fought for his turf, never rebutted Jobs’ criticisms, never insisted that his group take charge of the JIT proposal, did not supervise Dubinsky’s counterproposal to ensure it was the equal of Coleman’s, allowed Dubinsky to request an extension, and acquiesced to Scully’s request that Coleman present the JIT proposal at the Executive Retreat. The case presents a dismal picture of Campbell asleep at the wheel while Jobs usurps his territory, destroys the credibility of his subordinates and division, and nearly eliminates his entire group from the Company.Campbell should have recognized that Jobs’ challenge to his group’s performance was existential, and acted vigorously to counter it. He should have managed Dubinsky properly to ensure that the counterproposal was flawless and overwhelming. Campbell should have acted on his recognition that Dubinsky is weak on selling her ideas, and assumed the role of advancing her ideas to the other senior executives. He should have recognized that the JIT proposal was scary and demotivating to both Weaver and Dubinsky, and worked with them closely to make them feel that had a voice in the process and their opinions mattered (i. . â€Å"change first aid† in Jick’s terminology). Relatedly, he should have strongly defended his people against Jobs’ unfair blindside attack on their performance. Weaver: Weaver becomes a non-entity early in the dispute. He appears to be even more discombobulated by the JIT proposal changes than Dubinsky, and even more paralyzed and less effective. Weaver should not have let Campbell dissuade him from objecting to the JIT proposal to Scully, since that early intervention could have helped properly frame the issue. He should have pushed Campbell to fight for the group, or done it himself.He was responsible for supervising Dubinsky, and should not have let he fail to make the counterproposal in late 1984. V. If you were in Campbell’s position and faced Donna’s ultimatum: A. What are your options? B. Evaluate those options. 1. Let Dubinsky quit. She has failed to persuade the executives that the JIT proposal is wrong and that her division’s performance is sound. She has addressed the CEO in a way that virtually guarantees a future negative relationship. She has not demonstrated effective management by rebutting the JIT proposal with facts and clear argument.Her lackluster presentations have caused Campbell embarrassment, and defending her to Scully will be difficult because he would appear to be endorsing Dubinsky’s public criticism of Scully. Moreover, fighting to endorse Dubinsky’s ultimatum requires disbanding the task force, which would create resentment among all its members for the several months of time that they had wasted on it. However, Dubinsky has a strong record of performance and holds many of the key dealer relationships. Campbell describes Dubinsky as a unique asset, having her quit would be an overall negative to the Company.This situation is amplified by Weaver’s ineffectiveness. Dubinsky’s failure is uncharacteristic, which suggests that it could be overcome through good management and helping her through her own â€Å"acceptance of change† process. Campbell also presumably believes that Dubinsky’s opinion of the JIT issue is correct, or he would not have let her argue for this long. If that is so, and, as Yocam says, the fate of the Company hangs in the balance, then Campbell has little choice but to fight for Dubinsky despite the negative situation. Therefore, Campbell should make an effort to keep Dubinsky and not take her resignation. . Acquiesce to Dubinsky’s demands by approaching Scully with the ultimatum and endorsing Dubinsky’s terms. This could allow him to keep Dubinsky. Further allows him to support Dubinsky’s arguments if he actually believes in them. More importantly, gives Dubinsky a final chance to redeem herself in a sink-or-swim context; if Dubinsky cannot defeat Coleman’s proposal on her own terms and with her full attention, then Coleman is probably right. It is possible that Dubinsky needs this period of examination to move from the â€Å"defensive retreat† phase of change management to the â€Å"acceptance† phase.Also presents an opportunity for Campbell to finally take a stand against the JIT proposal, if he actually believes it is incorrect. The negative of this course is that Campbell must fight to undo the executives’ previous decision to form the task force, in which he personally acquiesced. Disbanding the task force gives the impression that Campbell’s group is a â€Å"sore loser†, i. e. having failed to win their point in the manner dictated by the senior executives, Campbell’s group wishes to change the rules of the game.Taking this course requires Campbell to engage Scully – who approved the task force – in defense of Dubinsky who has just insulted him. It also carries negative organizational consequences, in that it allows Dubinsky to dictate terms to the Company in a context where Dubinsky should not have leverage because the situation arose largely due to her own failures. Scully could just say â€Å"no†, in which case Campbell would have expended credibility for nothing. Because the negatives of this situation are so bad for Campbell, but he still needs to keep Dubinsky, Campbell should attempt a compromise solution. . Attempt a compromise, such as pausing the task force for 45 days to give Dubinsky the time she requests, but not preemptively stating that the task force is disbanded. A compromise position might present a modicum of face-saving for all involved: Dubinsky gets the time she needs without interference, while the Company and Campbell (its supervisor) do not have to immediately acknowledge that the task force is a failure. Dubinsky may work through her change process during those 45 days, let go of some of her anger, and gain back some of her previous effectiveness.If that occurred, it might be possible for Campbell and Dubinsky to win the argument in the task force. The downside is that Dubinsky might reject any compromise. C. How would you act and explain your choice. Campbell really has no good options. Losing Dubinsky and the JIT argument is bad, endorsing Dubinsky against Jobs and Scully is bad, and a compromise might be rejected by either side. That said, the least bad option is to try to force a compromise in which Dubinsky is given the time she says she needs to examine the proposal herself, and hopefully work through her acceptance of change process.Such a compromise presents the minimum amount of conflict, and also gives Campbell time to apply change first aid and to undo his prior poor management of both Dubinsky and Weaver. Campbell would have to work very cautiously to ensure that Jobs does not somehow force the Company to accept the JIT proposal in the interim, as he has been pressuring Scully to do. However, Campbell has the advantage that the senior managers entrusted the task force with the decision, and Campbell is in charge of the task force.This should give him adequate authority and leverage to force a compromise if he can get Dubinsky to agree. Campbell also must wake up and take an active role in the process. He recognizes that Dubinsky is poor at selling her ideas beyond using her presence and reputation, but he has not made any effort to help her do that selling, or to do that role himself as Weaver once did. Distribution is clearly in his brief, but he lets Jobs walk all over his people without a strong defense. Dubinsky’s conduct should serve as a wake-up call to Campbell.Dubinsky’s implied demand that the task force be disbanded is a bridge too far – the task force has spent several months for a large group of Apple’s key resources, and now is important to the credibility of many people in the Company. Campbell’s question to Dubinsky about why she cannot prove her results hits one of the core problems; both Dubinsky and Coleman should have to affirmatively present a case based on evidence, rather than just criticizing each other’s work or relying on her own reputation to carry the argument (a tack that has already failed). But there is no ne ed to tell Dubinsky this now – she would probably quit.Instead, Campbell should just give Dubinsky the time she requests, and gradually move her towards a point where she is capable of presenting ideas that will convince the other members of the task force. Campbell would probably have to gain Scully’s acceptance of pausing the task force, because so much time has been spent on it and there is so much pressure from Jobs. Campbell should use the fact that Jobs has undermined Scully to argue that the process is tainted and needs reevaluation, i. e. he should blame the current problems on Jobs’ circumvention of Scully’s organizational structure.

The Misunderstanding of Internet Freedom free essay sample

The Misunderstanding of Internet Freedom The public governance has been a significant part of every system. People as citizens always discuss their opinions with each other. In accordance with the system which they are ruled, their discussions have an effect on the rules and regulations of the government. In modern societies which embrace democracy as management system, the influence of public determination is predominant. As it is mentioned above sharing and declaring public decision is the milestone of governance in such societies. Therefore, the more advanced ways people have to communicate, the more they can contribute to the improvement of democracy. If it is compared with the past, people have faster, cheaper and much more effective communication tools in order to exchange and spread their ideas. The Internet and new communication technologies enhance democracy by making any kind of information accessible and by providing people with rapid and cheap communication. The Internet enables the improvement of democracy because it gives people the opportunity to be aware of current issues. It offers a wide range of information to everyone regardless of their status. People who are interested in a topic can access plenty of data about what they are looking for. It is not anymore the case that people have to delve into books in libraries in order to find a useful resource which contains relevant information. People already have a well-organized library which searches and introduces them to the most appropriate information on their subjects – The Internet. In addition to individuals, many non-governmental organizations and any other social groups that share common ideas can publish their arguments and spread them across the world. For example, human rights organizations use the Internet to advocate their arguments. L. Pal reveals that the international human rights movement has grown hugely since the 1950s when approximately 38 non-go0vernmental organizations were identifiable, to around 14,500 by 1994 (qtd. Brophy and Halpin 353). The new ICTs (information and communication technologies) and the Internet provide people with advanced opportunity to declare their opinions and to contribute to democracy. To illustrate, (International Center for Human Rights and Democratic Development) ICHRDD started to use electronic publications and participated in the PeaceNet Human Rights gopher service that retrieve important data published by other organizations (354). The information becomes accessible to all concerned workers and volunteers so that they will be more sophisticated in their fights and they are able to defend their arguments. (Brophy and Halpin 356). The new information communication technologies (ICTs) and the Internet contribute to development of democracy because they facilitate communication with rapid and cheap tools such as e-mails. It is stated by Brophy and Halpin that â€Å"Electronic communications and networking cut through the barriers of time and distance, facilitating the finding of information in a way previously impossible. † (353). Likewise to the authors statement, instead of costly phone calls or even more incommodious face to face meetings, electronic communications enable people to communicate or exchange their ideas in a rapid way whether they are at the opposite sides of the world. ICTs help citizens to contribute to democracy because they make mobilization of people more effective and cheaply. They also provide circulation of information through networks, and they strengthen NGOs so that capacity of governmental agencies is limited (Brophy and Halpin 354). As it is mentioned above, ICTs enhance contributions of citizens to democracy because they transform people into aware, active and investigative elements of democracy. They enable people to discuss and question conviction, and come up with new perspectives and creative resolutions. Inherently, there are people who deny the contribution of the Internet freedom to democracy. It is also argued that the Internet makes things worse in terms of liberalization. Evgeny Morozov who is an expert on interaction of digital technologies and democracy believes that authoritarian governments hinder democracy from developing by censoring the Internet or attacking web-sites (1). Besides, there are some governments that censor web-sites which advocate child abuse, cyber-crimes, and terrorism (Ash 8). They also legally or illegally gain access to e-mail account, spy on searches and so on (Ash 7). These examples might seem to be assaults on privacy or obstacles to the improvement of democracy. But your privacy is not more important than the welfare of your country and children. You cannot jeopardize your country and children while some terrorists threaten benefits, security, and economy of your country or pedophiles abuse your children physically or psychologically. It should be preferred to protect your country and your children to your privacy. As a result, it is legitimate and reasonable to block websites like this. Besides, the reliability of governments is controversial. Everybody might not be satisfied about government’s implementations. However, the ones who elect the government are the majority of society. People are given the right to choose the people who will govern them. Of course, they can question the practices and submit their thoughts through NGOs and so on. But they should also be respectful to the will of the public. In conclusion, the role of public in governance is significant in all modern democracies. The more people declare their thoughts the more they can contribute to democracy. With the developing technologies and the Internet, people are more likely to communicate, exchange ideas and search for what they need. New ICTs such as e-mails and electronic documents enable people to enhance democracy. On the other hand, in order to prevent illegitimate censoring and regulations by governments, we should implement all laws in the online world as well. Finally, we should use our right to elect cleverly and declare our views through NGOs in an appropriate way. References Ash, Timothy Garton. â€Å"Internet Freedom†. freespeechdebate. com. N. D. Web. October 2012. Brophy, Peter, and Edward Halpin. â€Å"Through the Net to freedom: information, the Internet and human rights†. jis. sagepub. com. Journal of Information Science. 24 March 1999. Web. October 2012. Morozov, Evgeny, and Joanne J. Myers. â€Å"The Net Delusion : The dark side of Internet freedom†. Carnegiecouncil. org. Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs. 25 January 2011. Web. October 2012.